The model proposed in Figure 1 is mainly based on Clifford Shull's neutron beam diffraction experiment, but introduced a novel covalent bond structure and electronic configuration of lone pairs of electrons.
- Levitation of water drop in strong magnetic field (20 Tesla)
Normally, lone pairs of electrons in a water molecule are not magnetic because they have 360° of freedom along the long axis of their elliptical orbits. Electron spin perpendicular to the orbit represents the lowest energy state. A strong magnetic field forces electrons to align their spins along the direction of the external magnetic field, causing all lone pairs of electrons to point in the same direction. Due to the dense packing of the orbits, the superimposed magnetic field (as shown in Figure 2) exhibits strong diamagnetism.
When the diamagnetic force acting on the water droplet balances with gravity, the droplet will be levitated in the magnetic field. This is essentially the same principle behind superconductors levitating above magnets, both caused by unpaired electron orbits coming into contact and generating diamagnetism. This levitation phenomenon does not originate from the surface of the object, but from its interior. It has been reported that young frogs, cherry tomatoes, and strawberries can be levitated in strong magnetic fields because they contain over 90% water.
- Wilson cloud chamber of water vapor
The Wilson cloud chamber can display the invisible tracks of negatively charged electrons and positively charged alpha particles released from radioactive materials (Figure 3). The electrons showed curly or curved tracks and alpha-particles showed straight tracks.
Hydrogen atoms in water molecule are naked; they are true positive charge (+) carriers (protons). In contrast, the negative charge of the lone pairs of electrons is dynamic, formed by high-speed movement of electrons in their orbits, thus creating a negatively charged region (δ-). When an electron is released from radioactive substance, hydrogen atoms in the saturated water vapor quickly seize it from all directions. Then, the outer lone pairs of electrons of the water molecule are captured by subsequent hydrogen atoms in another water molecule via hydrogen bonds. One layer after another, the released electron is enveloped by multiple layers of water molecules. Finally, all the capsules grow large enough to turn the vapor into cloud. Of cause, alcohol has the same naked proton and lone pairs of electrons in its molecule as in water, and can also be used in Wilson cloud chamber. This explains why Wilson cloud chamber is more effective for negative charges than for positive charges (alpha-particles), as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows a pattern of uranium decay in Wilson cloud chamber. The trajectories of the emitted particles are straight tracks. These experimental facts further prove that electrons and alpha-particles behave as particles, rather than Schrödinger’s waves. Schrödinger's electron wave theory must be abandoned.
- DFT water structure and MO water structure
As I pointed out in my recent paper: “Re-understanding of wave-particle duality”, that the duality may be a misinterpretation of experimental data, then the theoretical frameworks derived from it including the Schrödinger electron wave atomic model, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory may be fundamentally questionable.
Figure 6 presented the water molecular structures described by DFT and MO.
First, neither of these two theories can describe the hydrogen atom as a naked proton. This fact was confirmed by Shull before 1994. For example, the positions of individual atoms in a crystal can be determined using X-ray diffraction. However, hydrogen atoms in water crystal do not undergo diffraction, so their location cannot be found. The atomic electron shell diffracts X-rays, this indicates that the hydrogen in the water is naked.
Second, Shull pointed out that both neutron and proton have spin magnetism. When neutron beams approach protons in water, there will be neutron beam diffraction, so the positions of the hydrogens can be determined. However, DFT and MO do not contain any proton magnetism.
Third, the water molecule as a whole is electrically neutral, meaning the number of positive charges in atomic nuclei is the same as the number of electrons in the molecule. The two theoretical models cannot represent the number of the electrons.
Fourth, Shull’s neutron beam diffraction technique has already proved that the water molecule's framework is tetrahedral. However, neither density functional theory (DFT) nor molecular orbital theory (MO) can describe the basic shape of the water molecule as tetrahedral.
If the theories and experimental results do not match, the experimental results should be adopted. Therefore, density functional theory and molecular orbital theory should be abandoned.