Gastrointestinal endoscopy is one of the most frequently performed diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures worldwide. Sedation is routinely administered to improve patient
comfort, procedural efficiency, and endoscopist satisfaction. However, sedation can depress
central respiratory drive, reduce airway muscle tone, and impair protective reflexes. This
predisposes patients to hypoventilation, airway obstruction, and apnea, which can lead to hypoxemia and cardiac complications if not promptly addressed. Capnography, the continuous measurement and graphical display of exhaled carbon dioxide concentration, provides real-time assessment of ventilation. It can reveal ventilatory compromise within seconds, enabling earlier intervention. Over the past two decades, its role in procedural sedation has expanded, supported by clinical evidence, expert consensus, and evolving guideline recommendations.
Role of Capnography for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) procedure has become an essential modality for evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities. These procedures are often performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, suppress gag reflex, and facilitate therapeutic interventions.