Design of an Online Adaptive Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller to Reduce the Seismic Response of the 20-Story Benchmark Building Equipped with an Active Control System
The problem of structural control refers to the efforts and techniques employed to ensure the stability and safety of buildings and structures, particularly when they are exposed to significant external forces such as earthquakes or severe storms [1]. Tis issue has gained significant attention in recent times due to its crucial role in preventing economic losses, injuries, and the potential collapse of structures. Structural control involves various strategies and technologies that aim to mitigate the impact of external forces and enhance the structural performance of buildings.
These measures are designed to improve the ability of structures to withstand dynamic loads and maintain their integrity during extreme events. By implementing effective control systems, engineers and architects can enhance the resilience and safety of buildings, reducing the risks associated with natural disasters [2–7]. The aforementioned concerns can be effectively mitigated through the implementation of an optimized controller that aims to minimize dynamic responses and prevent excessive structural damage.
Buildings that experience intense seismic activity or strong winds often sustain significant structural damage, resulting in an alteration of the predominant frequency of the structure [8]. The primary objective of implementing a structural control strategy is to enhance the comfort and serviceability experienced by occupants while also improving the flexibility of the structural system. By incorporating effective control measures, engineers aim to create buildings and structures that provide occupants with a safe and comfortable environment, even with external forces or dynamic loads. Buildings are subjected to various forces such as wind, vibrations, and movements induced by environmental factors or nearby activities. These forces can cause discomfort to occupants, leading to disturbances or reduced productivity. By implementing control strategies, engineers can minimize the impact of these forces, reducing vibrations and ensuring a more stable and comfortable environment [3, 9].
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(1) Te proposed controllers perform far better than the
LQG controller in reducing the evaluation criteria,
including the structural responses, the building
damage, and the control parameters.
(2) Te diference in improvement between the AFOPID
controller equipped with a compensator and the
LQG controller for the maximum values of J1 − J6 is
62.1%, 53.7%, 43.1%, 65.2%, 52.4%, and 40.8%,
respectively.
(3) Considering the values of J7 criterion obtained based
on the mentioned controllers, the AFOPID controller equipped with a compensator achieves the
maximum ductility reduction of 65.3% compared to
the LQG controller.
(4) Regarding the far-feld earthquakes with 1.5 times
the intensity, like El Centro earthquakes, the proposed controller reduces the J14 criterion to
0.021 × 10−3, while this parameter is 0.161 × 10−3 for
the LQG controller.
(5) Regarding the near-feld earthquake with 1 times the
intensity, like Northridge, the J12 criterion has decreased to 0.0362, with about 8.8% and 64.8% better
than the other controllers, namely, for the AFOPID
controller without a compensator and LQG
controllers.
(6) Te obtained results represent the remarkable performance of an adaptive fractional-order PID controller equipped with a compensator in controlling
the evaluation criteria of the 20-story benchmark
building compared to its counterpart without
a compensator and the LQG control method.