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Abstract:
For hundreds of years since modern physics, people have not proposed what the essence of mass is or how mass is achieved. This article proposes the simplest and roughest mass model (similar to string theory), which is the structure of microscopic particles. This quality model combines the quantum nature of space (previously proposed that space is discontinuous), and uses mathematical geometric models to analyze particle physics, quantum physics, special relativity, and general relativity into a self consistent unified theory. I hope this research can serve as a starting point and open up new ideas for everyone!
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The Structure of Microscopic Particles
Long Guangyu zhuzhou601 2514437297@qq.com
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(Changsha, Hunan)
Abstract:
For hundreds of years since modern physics, people have not proposed what the essence of mass is or how mass is achieved. This article proposes the simplest and roughest mass model (similar to string theory), which is the structure of microscopic particles. This quality model combines the quantum nature of space (previously proposed that space is discontinuous), and uses mathematical geometric models to analyze particle physics, quantum physics, special relativity, and general relativity into a self consistent unified theory. I hope this research can serve as a starting point and open up new ideas for everyone!
Keywords: quality model; Spatial quantum property; Angular quantum velocity; Space quantum velocity; Vacancy; Window; The static mass law of microscopic particles; Space unit quantum K;
To study the universe, humans first need to study the spacetime that surrounds us. Unlike what textbooks say about studying spacetime, which is infinitely small, space has quantum properties and is a minimum limit quantum K (K=h/C, where h is the Planck constant) Composition is like a ruler having the smallest scale unit. It is precisely because of this that the quantum nature of space is like a clue that links the achievements of physics in the last century, such as special relativity, particle physics, quantum physics, general relativity, etc., into a beautiful necklace! If there were no quantum space, everything could be like the golden cudgel in Sun Wukong's hand, big or small, and the Milky Way could become as small as my palm. To explain the above, we must first explain the structure of microscopic particles!
The 2013 Nobel Prize winner in Physics mentioned that the 'God particle' is the root of material mass, meaning that material mass is achieved by the 'God particle'. So, who is responsible for achieving the mass of the 'God particle'? Is it achieved by the 'Next Layer God Particle'? ’Is the mass of the next level God particle achieved by the 'next level God particle'? How about this infinite loop? Therefore, questioning the "God particle" requires God to explain it?
Main text:
We always associate the concept of microscopic particles with macroscopic particles, believing that microscopic particles are spherical, have a certain size, occupy a certain space, and have mass. It is precisely the aforementioned limitations that constrain our imagination. Firstly, let's update the concept of mass. An object's mass is only manifested in its spatiotemporal characteristics: 1. It has inertia. 2. Accelerated motion under force. 3. Universal gravitation. Additionally, the electronic charge e is constant. 5. Nuclear force. What kind of quality model achieves the spatiotemporal characteristics of the aforementioned mass matter? Based on the experimental phenomenon of positive and negative electron annihilation, as shown in Figure 2, the simplest and roughest mass model is proposed: the electromagnetic wave moving at the speed of light in a straight line is transformed into two circular motions with radii Re (electron radius) under certain conditions, and the mathematical model of this circular motion is the mass model. Angular quantum velocity (the number of angular quanta per unit of time that a half electromagnetic wave field moves, or the number of angular quanta that a half electromagnetic wave field passes through in one revolution) determines the size of a particle's mass. This model, combined with special relativity (which describes changes in mass or angular quantum velocity), can explain the spatiotemporal characteristics of mass matter: 1. The law of inertia (Newton's law). 2. Acceleration under force (Newton's law). 3. The law of universal gravitation (Newton's law). 4 Electronic charge e is constant. 5. Nuclear force
2.The essence of a general electromagnetic field force is the movement trend exhibited by two charged particles in order to reduce the change in the electric field (due to being in the same space). Mass particles also have the same properties. Mass particles are not subject to external forces, and their semi electromagnetic wave field moves in a circular motion with a radius of Re (electron radius) at a certain angular quantum velocity. When particles accelerate under external forces, their angular quantum velocity will change quantitatively (i.e., mass change, as described in special relativity). To reduce this change when observed from a reference frame, particles will exhibit a motion trend (the same as the universal gravitation mentioned below, which also reflects the equivalence principle of general relativity). Therefore, external forces act on particles to counteract this motion trend, allowing them to accelerate.
The above is the structure of microscopic particles.
Photons and microscopic particles all have Heisenberg uncertainty relationship and wave particle duality!
The Heisenberg uncertainty relationship means that the momentum and position of photons and microscopic particles cannot be accurately measured simultaneously: to accurately measure momentum, one cannot accurately measure position; To accurately determine the position, one cannot accurately determine the momentum!
Above is the appearance, which can be inferred as performance: below is the essence.
The larger the momentum of photons and microscopic particles, the easier it is to determine their position; On the contrary, the smaller its momentum, the harder it is to determine its position!
Wave particle duality:
Light waves themselves are waves, and their speed of motion has particle like properties. The larger their frequency (momentum), the more pronounced their particle like properties, and the easier it is to determine the position of photons.
Microscopic particles themselves are particles, and their motion in quantum space exhibits wave like characteristics; The larger its momentum (mass, velocity), the easier it is to determine the particle's position. Particle wave is a matter wave, which refers to the size of particles in space!
So what is the momentum of photons and microscopic particles?
The photon momentum mC is related to the photon frequency, which is the number of wave quanta per unit time.
The particle momentum mv is related to the particle mass m (converted light frequency) and the particle velocity v, that is, the number of internal angle quanta passing through a certain fixed point per unit time! As shown in Figure 3, the particle (momentum mv, mass m (angular quantum velocity)) expands into linear motion, that is, the angular quantum number density is proportional to m. The higher the velocity v, the greater the amount of angular quantum passing through a certain point per unit time (momentum)!
Above is the analysis of the momentum of photons and particles!
The motion of light waves (photons) has particle properties. The larger the frequency of light waves, the larger the frequency of vacancies, the more obvious the particle properties, and the easier it is to determine the position of photons, that is, the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship of photons (the larger the frequency of light waves, the greater the momentum of photons, and the easier it is to determine the position of photons)!
B1 represents the wavelength of photons, and K represents the minimum spatial unit quantum.
The Heisenberg uncertainty relationship of light waves (photons) and the analysis of wave particle duality play a role in drawing the dragon point nitrile! Another interpretation of the following quantum theory is the same!
The momentum of microscopic particles (such as electrons) is the number of internal angle quanta passing through a certain point per unit time; The larger the momentum, the higher the frequency of the existence of "vacancies" (same photon). The particle position is easier to determine (i.e. particle Heisenberg uncertainty relationship: the larger the momentum of a microscopic particle, the easier it is to determine its position; conversely, the smaller its momentum, the harder it is to determine its position!)
Particle mass, momentum, wavelength:
The wavelength of material waves B=(C/v) B1 expression: When v approaches C, B approaches B1 (conversion wavelength), and when v approaches 0, B approaches infinity.
The wavelength of matter waves B=h/p (where p is the particle momentum and the number of internal angle quanta passing through a certain point per unit time). The larger P, the larger the quantity, and vice versa, that is, B is inversely proportional to p;
Photon wavelength B1=h/p1 as above (p1 momentum is the number of wave quanta per unit time), that is, B1 is inversely proportional to p1
Assumption: Space has quantum properties: just like a ruler has the smallest scale unit, space is composed of the smallest spatial unit quantum K. K=(h/C * 1) (h is the Planck constant).
As shown in Figure 1 (vernier caliper diagram): a segment of radio wave (wavelength B) or a particle (momentum mv) moves in quantum space; If at point O, a wavelength B (or v) occupies two spatial units of quantum K in equal quantities, and the centerline (or v centerline) of wavelength B is not in K, a gap will be formed when the length of the thick black line segment is zero, resulting in the formation of light wave particle properties (or the number of laws that particles exist here is zero, and the number of laws that particles exist is proportional to the length of the thick black line segment, that is, matter waves; matter wave wavelength B=(C/m) (k/(v-k))=kc/(mv)=h/(mv) (because v>>K), which is completely consistent with the formula for matter wave wavelength! ）Photon mass m=(K/(B-K)) * 1 kilogram=h * r/(C * C) (since B is much larger than K), K=h/C/1 (kilogram) h is the Planck constant
According to the formula K=h/C, the spatial unit quantum K and the speed of light C are mutually determined: the larger K, the smaller C; The smaller K, the larger C; K and C are inversely proportional to each other!
In the formulas of quantum theory, there is h, which means there is K * C, and it can be boldly assumed that the root of quantum theory is the quantum nature of space!
Another interpretation of quantum theory:
Photons, the shorter their wavelength B1, the higher their frequency, the larger their "number of images", the clearer their "images", and the more pronounced their particle properties (avoiding the concept of "vacancies"). Because microscopic particles are converted from photons, the quantum properties of particles can also be resolved!
Assuming a particle with a mass of m moves at an acceleration of a under the action of force F, and moves s within time t, then F=ma, the integral of a is velocity v=at, and the integral of velocity is distance s=(1/2) a * t * t; Momentum Ft=mat=mv; Kinetic energy Fs=ma * (1/2) att=(1/2) mvv; The particle mass is m, its integral is momentum mv, and its integral is kinetic energy (1/2) mvv.
The particle momentum mv is the integral of the particle mass m; The particle mass m is the derivative of the particle momentum mv!
2.Another qualitative and quantitative explanation of special relativity is that the velocity of light waves is a constant value C, but with the introduction of the concept of spatial quantum properties, the velocity of light waves is the velocity at which the spatial quantum velocity (V/(1- (V/C) 2) 1/2 * K) approaches infinity as V approaches C. Therefore, the second assumption of special relativity is that the speed of light C (the spatial quantum velocity is infinite) has the same effect on any inertial frame (the spatial quantum velocity is constant), which confirms the principle of invariance of the speed of light. The infinite speed of 1 meter and 1000 kilometers is equal to 0 (i.e., the space shrinks to 0), and for traveling from Beijing to New York, there is no need for time (i.e., time stops). This infinite speed is the limit speed of light C, which Einstein's theory of special relativity quantitatively describes. Another quantitative explanation, as shown in Figure 5, is based on hypothesis two. For a quantum K, its properties are the same in all directions in space, so we draw a circle (called a window) with K as the radius. Hypotheses 1 and 2 are relatively consistent, and we can understand drawing a circle with C as the radius; The C circle is macroscopic, while the K circle is microscopic. We can see the microscopic from the macroscopic and understand the macroscopic from the microscopic.
As shown in Figure 5, when an object is moving at a speed of V, draw a vertical straight line at point A and cut the circle to obtain a line segment AD. This line segment AD is proportional to the length l of the object we observe, while the EF line segment is proportional to the length L of the object observed when the object is relatively stationary (AD=a * l EF=a * L a is a constant value). And AD=(C * C-V * V) 1/2 EF=C, so l/L=(C * C-V * V) 1/2)/C, that is, l=L * (1- (V/C) 2) 1/2, is completely consistent with the conclusion about spatial length in special relativity. Next, let's talk about the time in the material world. If the reference frame b is moving at a constant speed V in a straight line relative to the reference frame a, and the object c is moving at a constant speed V1 in a straight line relative to b; We observe the spatial quantum K1 on b from a as K * (1- (V/C) 2) 1/2 (based on the above conclusion), and observe the window (K1 circle) of c through b moving uniformly in a straight line relative to a. Therefore, the velocity of c observed from a (referring to b) is V1 * (1- (V/C) 2) 1/2 * (1- (V/C) 2) 1/2, while the length of b observed from a is L * (1- (V/C) 2) 1/2. Therefore, the time required for c to move a long distance relative to b from a is L/V1 * (1/(1- (V/C) 2) 1/2). Therefore, observing c from a is longer than observing c from b. The exercise time has been extended by (1/(1- (V/C) 2) 1/2) times, which is consistent with the description of time in special relativity!
Photon light sources move relative to the observer, causing a blue or red shift in the wavelength of light waves. Because particles are converted from light waves, their mass may decrease quantitatively (red shift). Same as Einstein's special theory of relativity and mass description. It will also maintain this property: particles move uniformly in a straight line relative to the observer, and their mass will quantitatively increase (blue shift) (mirror image of cosmic particles)
The specific angular quanta of particle physics electrons exhibit a gradual convergence trend (angular quantum velocity change) within half a period π from Re to K (spatial quantum unit), causing the surrounding spacetime to also exhibit a gradual convergence trend (i.e. spacetime bending). This is equivalent to the window effect of special relativity, where material space, time, and mass undergo quantitative changes: space shortens, time expands, and mass increases.
General relativity exhibits gravitational redshift and blueshift phenomena, while equivalent special relativity states that particle mass changes quantitatively: the closer a particle is to the gravitational source, the greater its mass, and vice versa.
Divide the static mass number of microscopic particles by π continuously, and the result is as follows.
The static mass law of microscopic particles:
微观粒子的静质量数规侓：
粒子
静质量数
寿命(秒)
电子e
1*π（0）
稳定
：U子
2.1127*π（4 )
2.197*10（-6）
子
3.6314*π（6）
2.3*10（-12）
中
10.9959*π（-10）
稳定
微
约 1*π（0）
稳定
子
5.0225*π（4）
稳定
π（+）
2.8039*π（4）
2.603*10（-3）
π（0 ）
2.7114*π（4）
0.828*10（-16）
K （+）
3.1569*π（5）
1.2371*10（-3）
K （0）
3.1825*π（5）
0.8923*10（-10）
介
3.5094*π（5）
7.7*10（-19）
子
6.1281*π（5）
核p
6.0002*π（5）
稳定
子n
6.0084*π（5）
918
重
7.341*π（5）
2.632*10（-10）
7.6096*π（5）
8.00*10（-11）
7.6256*π（5）
5.8*10（-20）
7.6568*π（5）
1.48*10（-10）
8.4086*π（5）
2.96*10（-10）
8.4496*π（5）
1.641*10（-10）
子
10.6936*π（5）
0.82*10（-10）
Explanation: π (5) represents the 5th power of π, and the same applies to others.
Conclusion:
If the electron static mass is 1, then the proton static mass is 6 * π (5)
Similarly, for other stable particles with a static mass of 6 * π (5) for neutrons
Neutrinos are 1 * π (0) and 5 * π (4)
(These results are very approximate, but other non-stationary particles cannot) Generally, we assume that the static mass of stable particles follows n * π (n-1). The derivative of function x (n) is n * x (n-1), which satisfies the above equation. The particle mass obtained from above is n * π (n-1), its integral is momentum π (n), and its integral is kinetic energy (1/(n+1)) π (n+1).
Explanation: The static mass law of the microscopic particles mentioned above (regarding stable particles) supports the previous discussion to a certain extent!
References:
「1」 Table of Static Mass Numbers of Microscopic Particles
[2] String theory
[3] Space is discontinuous
I hope this research can serve as a starting point and open up new ideas for everyone!