China is an important contributor to global carbon emissions. Accurately estimating carbon emissions is crucial for reducing carbon emissions in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and China's carbon neutrality strategy. This study selected energy consumption data from Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2021, calculated carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method, and then predicted carbon emissions data for 2022-2035 using the ARIMA-BP model. This dataset can be used to describe the spatiotemporal evolution trend of carbon emissions in China. This study can provide policy basis and wisdom for China's carbon reduction efforts.