Background of the Research
The apple industry in the Northwestern Himalayas, particularly in Kashmir, is facing a critical challenge in managing Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. Despite the intensive use of fungicides, especially Demethylation Inhibitors (DMIs) like difenoconazole and flusilazole, disease control remains suboptimal. This inefficacy raises serious concerns about the development of fungicide resistance in V. inaequalis, necessitating a scientific investigation into resistance mechanisms and their implications.
Continuous and excessive application of these fungicides has led to increased input costs, significantly lowering the benefit-cost (B:C) ratio for orchardists. Additionally, the overuse of DMIs has contributed to alarming health risks, with a noticeable rise in cancer cases in Kashmir, which researchers have linked to prolonged pesticide exposure. Beyond human health, the persistent application of these chemicals has resulted in environmental degradation, affecting soil microbiota, water quality, and overall ecosystem stability.
Moreover, the high residue levels of these fungicides have severely impacted India's apple export potential due to stringent Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) regulations in international markets. Addressing these concerns, this research aims to assess the development of resistance in V. inaequalis against difenoconazole and flusilazole, providing a scientific basis for sustainable disease management strategies. The findings will help in formulating effective Integrated Disease Management (IDM) approaches, promoting the rational use of fungicides, and ensuring long-term sustainability in apple production.