Women's health is often viewed through the lens of fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth. However, this perspective can overlook the broader physical, mental, and social factors that shape women’s health throughout life. A life course approach conceptualizes women’s health as a dynamic process that evolves across the lifespan, influenced by cumulative exposures, experiences, and social determinants of health. From puberty through menopause and healthy ageing, women face distinct challenges related to cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and mental health.

Puberty is a critical period for establishing lifelong health. Hormonal changes during adolescence influence physical and psychological development, and conditions such as Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) may emerge during these years. Beyond reproductive health, such conditions can affect metabolic and cardiovascular health, making early recognition and management important for reducing long-term risks.

During the reproductive years, women may experience a range of health challenges, including menstrual disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic pain conditions, mental health concerns, and metabolic disorders. These conditions can affect education, employment, and overall quality of life, highlighting the need to view them as broader health issues rather than solely reproductive concerns.

As women transition into midlife and menopause, health priorities evolve. Emerging evidence suggests that menopause-related biological changes may influence cardiovascular health, while lifestyle factors such as regular physical activity and a balanced diet can help support cardiometabolic and bone health. Recent studies emphasize the need to integrate menopause within primary care. Improving awareness among healthcare professionals, strengthening communication around menopausal health, and ensuring access to appropriate support services may help address persistent gaps in care and improve health outcomes for midlife women.

Access to healthcare remains another important challenge. Many women continue to face barriers to timely diagnosis, specialist care, preventive services, and health education. Socioeconomic factors, geography, cultural norms, and healthcare infrastructure can all contribute to disparities in health outcomes and access to care.

Moving beyond a fertility-centred framework enables healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers to address the full spectrum of women's health needs. By adopting a life course approach and improving equitable access to care, healthcare systems can support healthier lives for women at every stage, reducing the burden of chronic disease and advancing health equity.

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