Quantum entanglement, famously exemplified by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, is often described as "spooky action at a distance" [1, 2]. This phrase underscores the profound correlation between two entangled components, A and B, even when separated by large distances. Remarkably, a measurement or change in one component triggers an instantaneous correlation in the other, maintaining their entangled state. Such seemingly coordinated behavior among particles or photons has remained a mystery and a subject of debate in the scientific community for nearly a century.

Although quantum-coherent entanglement was demonstrated through optical interference experiments in 1991 [3, 4], the precise mechanism underlying the phenomenon has remained elusive. In a recent study, a research team led by Leilei Shi at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei, Anhui, has reported findings on what they termed Bessel-Shi eigenstates, a concept dating back to 2006 [5, 6]. Their research proposes how these states may underpin the strong correlations between entangled components, regardless of spatial separation. Notably, this interdisciplinary study draws upon concepts from quantum science, financial theory, and complexity science. The team’s findings are detailed in their paper, “Interaction Wave Functions for Interaction-Based Coherence and Entanglement in Complex Adaptive Systems,” published in the International Journal of Theoretical Physics [6].

Reference

1. Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen (1935): “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review, 47 (May 15), 777–780.
2. Schrödinger, Erwin (1935): “Discussion of Probability Relations between Separated Systems,” Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 31(4), 555-563.
3. Zou, Xing-Yu, Li-Jun Wang, and Leonard Mandel (1991): “Induced Coherence and Indistinguishability in Optical Interference,” Physical Review Letters, 67(3), 318-321.
4. Wang, Li-Jun (Lijun), Xing-Yu Zou, and Leonard Mandel (1991): “Induced Coherence without Induced Emission,” Physical Review A, 44(7), 4614-4622.
5.  Shi, Leilei (2006): "Does Securities Transaction Volume-Price Behavior Resemble a Probability Wave?" Physica A, 366, 419-436. 
6. Shi, Leilei, Xinshuai Guo, Wei Zhang, and Bing-Hong Wang (2025): “Interaction Wave Functions for Interaction-Based Coherence and Entanglement in Complex Adaptive Systems,” International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 64 (12), 323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-025-06172-6