Rapid urban growth and complex topography can intensify accessibility inequalities, yet conventional approaches often overlook these effects.

In our recent study, we developed a transferable fuzzy RS–GIS framework combining elevation-derived friction, accessibility modelling, and spatial analytics to assess service accessibility across metropolitan Tehran.

Key findings:
• Accessibility varied substantially across districts, with central areas reaching values up to seven times higher than peripheral areas.
• Topography emerged as a critical hidden driver of spatial inequality.
• The framework overcomes limitations of traditional binary accessibility approaches.
• Results support targeted public transport, slope-adaptive mobility solutions, and more equitable urban planning.

Beyond Tehran, the framework can be extended to incorporate other forms of friction such as congestion and support sustainable, inclusive, and climate-resilient cities aligned with SDG 11.

I welcome discussions and collaborations on urban analytics, accessibility, GIS, remote sensing, and sustainable mobility.