Bio Engineering: Learning from the Termites

In this publication, we present a Comparative Study on Mechanical Performance of Eco-friendly Ceramic Composites Reinforced with Polymer and Sawdust Additives.
Bio Engineering: Learning from the Termites
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Comparative study on mechanical performance of eco-friendly ceramic composites reinforced with polymer and sawdust additives - Discover Materials

The use of agro-industrial waste in ceramics has gained attention for its economic and environmental benefits. While individual studies have examined polymer- or biomass-reinforced ceramics, comparative investigations on their mechanical performance within the same clay matrix are limited. This study investigated and compared the mechanical performance of ceramic composites reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer waste and sawdust residues as sustainable additives in the termite clay matrix. Composites were fabricated by reinforcing a 40 wt% termite hill clay matrix with 0–10 wt% of either PET or sawdust. Cylindrical samples were moulded using a hydraulic press and fired at 1200 °C. Mechanical tests conducted included compressive strength, porosity, and bulk density, based on standard procedures. PET-clay composites showed higher porosity (up to 43.1%) and lower bulk density, while their compressive strength peaked at 4.8 MPa at 2 wt% PET. Sawdust-clay composites had moderate porosity (up to 33.3%) and higher strength, attaining 5.2 MPa at 2 wt% sawdust. The comparative analysis reveals that sawdust-clay composites outperform PET-clay composites in compressive strength across all reinforcement levels, maintaining better structural stability and strength retention. These findings highlight the suitability of sawdust for applications requiring moderate strength and better structural integrity, and PET for lightweight applications.

A Narrative Behind the Study

Termites have long intrigued scientists and builders alike due to their remarkable ability to construct resilient structures using natural resources. Their mounds, often deeply rooted in the soil, display a unique cohesion and strength that is difficult to replicate. As human activity continues to encroach on these ecosystems, termite mounds are frequently abandoned. Our study taps into the potential of this Termite Mound Soil (TMS), a material rich in kaolinitic clay, for sustainable ceramic composite development.

Meanwhile, plastic bottles and sawdust, by-products of our modern consumption and wood industries, remain significant environmental pollutants. Sawdust is commonly burned, releasing greenhouse gases, and PET plastics persist in ecosystems for decades. This study proposes a circular engineering approach, where these wastes are valorized as reinforcements in ceramic composites, rather than discarded or incinerated.

Key Insights

PET-TMS composites showed higher porosity (up to 43%), reduced density, and lower compressive strength, but are ideal for lightweight, insulating, and non-load-bearing applications.
Sawdust-TMS composites had moderate porosity (up to 33%) and higher compressive strength, making them suitable for moderate-load structural applications.
✅ The kaolinitic nature and binding capacity of TMS enhanced composite cohesion, while sawdust ash contributed fluxing oxides that improved densification.

Policy and Practice Recommendations

📌 Promote eco-friendly construction by incentivizing the use of waste-based ceramic composites in public and low-income housing projects.
📌 Integrate waste valorization standards into national and municipal waste management policies.
📌 Encourage research-industry collaboration for developing scalable production models using termite mound soil and agro-waste.
📌 Support legislation banning open burning of sawdust and plastics, offering R&D-driven alternatives like this.

This publication contributes meaningfully to the fields of sustainable construction materials, environmental waste recovery, and green engineering innovations.

We invite academics, practitioners, policymakers, and environmental stakeholders to explore the full article.

🔗 Read the full article: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-025-00367-8

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Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings
Technology and Engineering > Civil Engineering > Building Construction and Design > Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings
Waste Management and Waste Technology
Physical Sciences > Earth and Environmental Sciences > Environmental Sciences > Waste Management and Waste Technology
Ceramics
Physical Sciences > Materials Science > Structural Materials > Ceramics
Materials Engineering
Technology and Engineering > Mechanical Engineering > Materials Engineering
Bioinspired Materials
Physical Sciences > Materials Science > Soft Materials > Bioinspired Materials

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