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A Highly Permeable and Three-Dimensional Integrated Electronic System for Wearable Human–Robot Interaction - Nano-Micro Letters

Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort, but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3D) permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats, high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting (50 μm), and a strain isolators (SIL) that protects vertical interconnects (VIAs) from stress concentration. This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability (> 5.09 mL cm−2 min−1), exceptional stretchability (750% fracture strain), and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles. Leveraging these advances, we have integrated multilayer circuits, strain sensors, and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated, stretchable, permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove. The system enables accurate sign language interpretation (98%) and seamless robotic hand control, demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies. By uniting comfort, durability, and high-density integration, this work establishes a versatile platform for next-generation wearable electronics and interactive human–robot interfaces.