Bio Engineering: Learning from the Termites

In this publication, we present a Comparative Study on Mechanical Performance of Eco-friendly Ceramic Composites Reinforced with Polymer and Sawdust Additives.
Bio Engineering: Learning from the Termites
Like

Share this post

Choose a social network to share with, or copy the URL to share elsewhere

This is a representation of how your post may appear on social media. The actual post will vary between social networks

Explore the Research

SpringerLink
SpringerLink SpringerLink

Comparative study on mechanical performance of eco-friendly ceramic composites reinforced with polymer and sawdust additives - Discover Materials

The use of agro-industrial waste in ceramics has gained attention for its economic and environmental benefits. While individual studies have examined polymer- or biomass-reinforced ceramics, comparative investigations on their mechanical performance within the same clay matrix are limited. This study investigated and compared the mechanical performance of ceramic composites reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer waste and sawdust residues as sustainable additives in the termite clay matrix. Composites were fabricated by reinforcing a 40 wt% termite hill clay matrix with 0–10 wt% of either PET or sawdust. Cylindrical samples were moulded using a hydraulic press and fired at 1200 °C. Mechanical tests conducted included compressive strength, porosity, and bulk density, based on standard procedures. PET-clay composites showed higher porosity (up to 43.1%) and lower bulk density, while their compressive strength peaked at 4.8 MPa at 2 wt% PET. Sawdust-clay composites had moderate porosity (up to 33.3%) and higher strength, attaining 5.2 MPa at 2 wt% sawdust. The comparative analysis reveals that sawdust-clay composites outperform PET-clay composites in compressive strength across all reinforcement levels, maintaining better structural stability and strength retention. These findings highlight the suitability of sawdust for applications requiring moderate strength and better structural integrity, and PET for lightweight applications.

A Narrative Behind the Study

Termites have long intrigued scientists and builders alike due to their remarkable ability to construct resilient structures using natural resources. Their mounds, often deeply rooted in the soil, display a unique cohesion and strength that is difficult to replicate. As human activity continues to encroach on these ecosystems, termite mounds are frequently abandoned. Our study taps into the potential of this Termite Mound Soil (TMS), a material rich in kaolinitic clay, for sustainable ceramic composite development.

Meanwhile, plastic bottles and sawdust, by-products of our modern consumption and wood industries, remain significant environmental pollutants. Sawdust is commonly burned, releasing greenhouse gases, and PET plastics persist in ecosystems for decades. This study proposes a circular engineering approach, where these wastes are valorized as reinforcements in ceramic composites, rather than discarded or incinerated.

Key Insights

PET-TMS composites showed higher porosity (up to 43%), reduced density, and lower compressive strength, but are ideal for lightweight, insulating, and non-load-bearing applications.
Sawdust-TMS composites had moderate porosity (up to 33%) and higher compressive strength, making them suitable for moderate-load structural applications.
✅ The kaolinitic nature and binding capacity of TMS enhanced composite cohesion, while sawdust ash contributed fluxing oxides that improved densification.

Policy and Practice Recommendations

📌 Promote eco-friendly construction by incentivizing the use of waste-based ceramic composites in public and low-income housing projects.
📌 Integrate waste valorization standards into national and municipal waste management policies.
📌 Encourage research-industry collaboration for developing scalable production models using termite mound soil and agro-waste.
📌 Support legislation banning open burning of sawdust and plastics, offering R&D-driven alternatives like this.

This publication contributes meaningfully to the fields of sustainable construction materials, environmental waste recovery, and green engineering innovations.

We invite academics, practitioners, policymakers, and environmental stakeholders to explore the full article.

🔗 Read the full article: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-025-00367-8

Please sign in or register for FREE

If you are a registered user on Research Communities by Springer Nature, please sign in

Follow the Topic

Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings
Technology and Engineering > Civil Engineering > Building Construction and Design > Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings
Waste Management and Waste Technology
Physical Sciences > Earth and Environmental Sciences > Environmental Sciences > Waste Management and Waste Technology
Ceramics
Physical Sciences > Materials Science > Structural Materials > Ceramics
Materials Engineering
Technology and Engineering > Mechanical Engineering > Materials Engineering
Bioinspired Materials
Physical Sciences > Materials Science > Soft Materials > Bioinspired Materials

Related Collections

With Collections, you can get published faster and increase your visibility.

Reuse and Recycling of Waste in the Construction Sector

The construction sector is one of the largest producers of waste, contributing significantly to global environmental challenges. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable practices, particularly in the reuse and recycling of construction and demolition waste, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste. Addressing the environmental impact of this waste is critical for sustainable development. This collection explores innovative strategies, technologies, and policies aimed at minimizing waste, promoting resource efficiency, aiming to reduce landfill dependency, and advancing sustainable building practices within the construction industry.

This collection invites comprehensive research and practical insights into various aspects of waste management in the construction sector, including:

1. Construction and Demolition Waste: Innovative methods for recycling and reusing concrete, asphalt, metals, wood, and other materials from construction and demolition sites.

2. Municipal Solid Waste: Strategies for integrating recycled municipal solid waste materials, such as glass, plastics, and organic matter, into construction projects.

3. Industrial Waste: Techniques for repurposing industrial by-products and waste materials in construction, including slag, fly ash, and manufacturing residues.

4. Policy and Regulation: Examination of governmental policies, regulations, and incentives that facilitate the reuse and recycling of various waste types in construction.

5. Sustainable Construction Practices: Implementation of circular economy principles in construction, including design for disassembly, modular construction, and sustainable material sourcing.

6. Environmental and Economic Impacts: Evaluation of the environmental benefits and economic feasibility of recycling and reusing different types of waste in the construction sector, including life cycle and cost-benefit analyses.

7. Technological Advances: Development and application of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics, to optimize waste management and recycling processes in construction.

8. Material Innovation: Research new materials and products derived from recycled waste, assessing their performance, durability, and potential applications in construction.

9. Case Studies and Best Practices: Documentation of successful projects and initiatives that highlight effective reuse and recycling strategies in the construction industry.

By bringing together cutting-edge research and practical insights, this collection aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and future directions of waste reuse and recycling in the construction sector. Contributions from academics, industry professionals, policymakers, and other stakeholders are encouraged to foster a multidisciplinary dialogue and drive meaningful change in the industry.

Keywords: Construction Waste Management; Recycling Techniques; Reuse Strategies; Sustainable Construction; Municipal Solid Waste; Environmental Impact; Circular Economy; Industrial Waste Recycling

Publishing Model: Open Access

Deadline: Jun 30, 2026

Materials in Structural Engineering: Challenges and Innovations under Extreme Loading Conditions

In the realm of materials science and engineering, the quest for robust, resilient materials capable of withstanding extreme loading conditions is more pressing than ever. The field of structural engineering, at the forefront of this endeavor, faces constant challenges posed by natural disasters, industrial accidents, and deliberate acts of violence. The ability of structures to endure such events depends crucially on the properties and performance of the materials from which they are constructed. Discover Materials, as part of the Discover journal series committed to advancing materials research, provides an ideal platform for addressing these challenges and exploring innovative solutions.

The proposed topical collection, titled "Materials in Structural Engineering: Challenges and Innovations under Extreme Loading Conditions," aims to delve deeply into the intersection of materials science and structural resilience. This collection is driven by the urgent need to develop materials that can withstand diverse forms of extreme loading, including blast and impact forces, while maintaining structural integrity. Real-world scenarios underscore the importance of this research: from safeguarding critical infrastructure against terrorist attacks to preparing communities for natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes, the resilience of materials directly impacts public safety and economic stability.

This collection will encompass a diverse array of topics essential to advancing our understanding and capabilities in structural engineering. Key themes include but are not limited to:

(1) Experimental studies on the behavior of structural materials subjected to blast and impact forces, aiming to uncover fundamental mechanisms and develop protective measures;

(2) Analytical modeling approaches to simulate and predict the response of structures under extreme loading conditions, facilitating the design of resilient systems;

(3) Numerical simulations that leverage advanced computational methods to model complex interactions between materials and dynamic forces;

(4) Application of machine learning techniques to analyze vast datasets and extract actionable insights for enhancing structural resilience.

At its core, this topic collection aligns with Discover Materials' mission to catalyze innovation in materials research across diverse applications. By publishing pioneering research in structural engineering, the collection aims to not only expand our fundamental understanding of materials behavior but also to accelerate the development of materials with enhanced properties for a safer and more sustainable built environment.

Authors are invited to submit original research articles, reviews, and case studies that contribute to the understanding of structural materials under extreme loading conditions. Submissions should emphasize practical applications and theoretical advancements relevant to the fields of structural engineering and materials science.

This Collection will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers involved in the design, analysis, and implementation of materials in structural applications. It aims to foster collaboration and innovation in addressing the challenges posed by extreme loading scenarios through cutting-edge research and technological advancements.

Feature Conferences: 1. 2025 International Conference on Materials, Mechanical, and Civil Engineering Technologies (MMCET 2025), to be held in Tokyo, Japan, from December 17th to 19th, 2025. 2. 2025 2nd International Symposium on Civil Engineering and Smart Structure Technology (CESST 2025), to be held in Zhengzhou, China, from December 5th to 7th, 2025. High-quality papers presented at the conference will be invited for consideration in this Collection, ensuring a rigorous peer-review process. We welcome innovative research that advances knowledge in this critical field.

Keywords: Structural Engineering; Extreme Loading Conditions; Blast and Impact Forces; Concrete Testing; Resilient Infrastructure; Material Performance; Simulations; Finite Element Modeling

Publishing Model: Open Access

Deadline: Mar 31, 2026