Detection of hydrogen sulphide above the clouds in Uranus’s atmosphere

The full contribution is found here: https://rdcu.be/Mmgh
Uranus's limb as seen by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986.
A team led by Patrick Irwin at the University of Oxford, using spectra from the Gemini-North's Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer have unequivocally detected for the first time the presence of hydrogen sulphide, H2S, in Uranus’s atmosphere. These spectra show features akin to a ‘fingerprint’ of H2S present in the air immediately above the the main visible cloud layer in Uranus’s atmosphere which has a cloud-top pressure of 1.2 - 3 bar (where 1 bar is the surface atmospheric pressure in Earth's atmosphere). While it had been suspected from observations at radio wavelengths that the Uranus's bulk abundance of H2S exceeds that of ammonia, this has never been confirmed until now. Irwin says “As a result it is likely that the main cloud deck we see on Uranus is composed predominantly of H2S ice, rather than ammonia ice, thought to comprise the bulk of the observable clouds on Jupiter and Saturn, where ammonia seems to be more abundant”
Why the abundance of ammonia should exceed that of hydrogen sulphide in Jupiter and Saturn, but be less than that of hydrogen sulphide in Uranus is a mystery. Irwin suggests, “This observation supports the view that Jupiter and Saturn formed closer to the Sun than Uranus (and probably Neptune) where the warmer temperatures in the Sun's circumstellar disc meant that hydrogen sulphide was preferentially in gaseous rather than icy form. Hence, H2S was likely less readily accreted than it was at Uranus (and Neptune) where lower temperatures meant that both constituents were probably in icy form.” The discovery also places constraints on solar system formation models, in which planetary embryos can migrate to different distances from the Sun as they form. The fact the Jupiter/Saturn and Uranus/(probably Neptune) have such clear bulk composition differences suggest that such migration is likely to have been limited in our own solar system.
Although the main clouds are likely composed predominantly of H2S, the particles in them seem to be much darker and less reflective than would be expected for pure H2S ice. This suggested that the ice particles in these clouds are coated or mixed with complex hydrocarbons created by the photochemical destruction of methane higher in Uranus's atmosphere and which then 'drizzle' down to the cloud layer.
Hydrogen sulphide is the gas that gives rotten eggs their delightful smell, and it is also incredibly poisonous. While the results set a lower limit to the amount of hydrogen sulphide around Uranus, it is interesting to speculate what the effects would be on humans even at these concentrations. “If an unfortunate human were ever to descend through Uranus’s clouds, they would be met with very unpleasant and odiferous conditions.” But the foul stench wouldn’t be the worst of it according to Irwin. “Suffocation and exposure in the very cold (-200C) atmosphere made of mostly hydrogen, helium, and methane would take its toll long before the smell,” concludes Irwin.
Please sign in or register for FREE
If you are a registered user on Research Communities by Springer Nature, please sign in