Systematic review of mental health problems and migration stressors among Kurdish migrants in western host countrie

Kurds are among the world’s largest stateless peoples and have experienced decades of conflict, persecution, and displacement. Yet no comprehensive review had focused on the mental health of Kurdish migrants in Western host countries.
Systematic review of mental health problems and migration stressors among Kurdish migrants in western host countrie
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Systematic review of mental health problems and migration stressors among Kurdish migrants in western host countries - Discover Mental Health

Objectives This systematic review aimed to evaluate the mental health outcomes of Kurdish migrants, with particular attention to the prevalence of psychological disorders and the impact of pre- and post-migration stressors. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar according to the PRISMA guidelines. The strategy combined medical subject headings (MeSH) and relevant keywords on Kurdish migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and mental health. The search yielded 132 records, of which 15 studies met the eligibility criteria, representing a total of 5,319 participants. The methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results Following migration and resettlement in host countries, Kurdish migrants were found to experience high rates of PTSD (36.9%), depression (36.3%), and anxiety (27.7%), together with additional difficulties such as insomnia, fatigue, and suicidal ideation. Pre-migration was most often driven by war and political oppression (81.1%), violence and persecution (60.7%), and economic hardship (59.1%). Post-migration stressors included family separation (47%), discrimination and violence (51.4%), isolation and loneliness (51.7%), economic difficulties (40%), fear of deportation (21%), and other problems (30%). Conclusion As one of the largest stateless and historically persecuted populations, Kurds experience distinctive challenges in their migration journeys. Their significant burden of mental health problems underscores the need for culturally tailored and trauma-informed interventions that address both displacement experiences and barriers to integration in host societies, as well as during deportation and reintegration into their home countries.

Why we wrote this

Kurds are one of the world’s largest stateless peoples. Many have faced war, persecution, and repeated displacement. Yet their mental-health needs in Western host countries are rarely synthesized in one place. Our goal was simple: bring together what the research shows so services and policymakers can respond better.

What the research says in plain language

Across the studies we reviewed, totaling 5,319 participants, Kurdish migrants commonly experience substantial psychological distress after resettlement. Reported rates were about 37% for PTSD, 36% for depression, and 28% for anxiety alongside insomnia, fatigue, and, in some cases, suicidal thoughts. These levels reflect both past trauma and new stressors after arrival.

Before migration

Most people left because of war and political oppression, violence and persecution, and economic hardship. These are not abstract labels; they translate into lived experiences of fear, loss, and disruption that shape mental health for years.

After migration

Trauma doesn’t end at the border. Many face discrimination, isolation and loneliness, family separation, economic difficulties, and fear of deportation. These chronic stressors can sustain or worsen mental-health problems if left unaddressed.

What needs to change

  • Care that fits culture and context. Kurdish-language support, trusted community spaces, and services co-designed with Kurdish organizations can reduce stigma and improve engagement.

  • Legal and social help alongside clinical care. Link mental-health services with legal aid, housing, employment, and family-reunification pathways; these determinants strongly influence recovery.

  • Continuity when status is uncertain. For those facing return, plans for continuity of care and cross-border referrals are essential.

What surprised us

Despite different host-country policies, high distress appeared consistently. Legal uncertainty especially fear of deportation was a recurring theme linked to anxiety and sleep problems.

Where we go from here

We need longitudinal studies, better measurement of post-migration stressors, and interventions that integrate mental-health care with settlement services. Most importantly, Kurdish communities should be partners not just participants in designing solutions.

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