From the BugBitten Archives: Clocking out -knocking out circadian clock gene disrupts key functions in Aedes mosquitoes

Removing vital genes that affect a creature’s behaviour could be a way to ameliorate the impact of disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Vinaya Shetty and colleagues describe the effects of knocking out the circadian clock gene in Aedes aegypti – a significant arboviral disease vector.
From the BugBitten Archives: Clocking out -knocking out circadian clock gene disrupts key functions in Aedes mosquitoes
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BioMed Central
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Effects of circadian clock disruption on gene expression and biological processes in Aedes aegypti - BMC Genomics

Background This study explores the impact of disrupting the circadian clock through a Cycle gene knockout (KO) on the transcriptome of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The investigation aims to uncover the resulting alterations in gene expression patterns and physiological processes. Results Transcriptome analysis was conducted on Cyc knockout (AeCyc-/-) and wild-type mosquitoes at four time points in a light-dark cycle. The study identified system-driven genes that exhibit rhythmic expression independently of the core clock machinery. Cyc disruption led to altered expression of essential clock genes, affecting metabolic processes, signaling pathways, stimulus responses and immune responses. Notably, gene ontology enrichment of odorant binding proteins, indicating the clock’s role in sensory perception. The absence of Cyc also impacted various regulation of metabolic and cell cycle processes was observed in all time points. Conclusions The intricate circadian regulation in Ae. aegypti encompasses both core clock-driven and system-driven genes. The KO of Cyc gene instigated extensive gene expression changes, impacting various processes, thereby potentially affecting cellular and metabolic functions, immune responses, and sensory perception. The circadian clock’s multifaceted involvement in diverse biological processes, along with its role in the mosquito’s daily rhythms, forms a nexus that influences the vector’s capacity to transmit diseases. These insights shed light on the circadian clock’s role in shaping mosquito biology and behavior, opening new avenues for innovative disease control strategies.

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Aedes aegypti is a species of mosquito that is a disease vector for several arboviral diseases such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya that affect millions of people globally. Many of these diseases do not have vaccines readily available, and so a lot of emphasis is put on controlling the spread of the vector. Molecular approaches to vector control have been emerging over the past ten years, with genetically modified mosquitoes being released into the wild to control breeding in mosquito populations.

Vinaya Shetty and colleagues have been looking at another way to disrupt mosquito populations, by investigating whether removing key genes related to the circadian clock of the mosquitoes could impact their clock-dependent biological processes.

Aedes aegypti biting a human
Public Domain image from James Gathany - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library

Mosquitoes display time-related behaviours such as feeding at certain times of the day. For A. aegypti feeding is a day time activity – mainly in the early morning and late afternoon – whilst the anopheline mosquito is a nocturnal feeder.

In their 2022 study, Vinaya Shetty and colleagues knocked out the core clock cycle gene in A. aegypti using CRISPR/Cas9 and found the mRNA expression of 7 circadian related genes were changed. This knock out affected the mosquito’s longevity, feeding pattern and reproductive fitness. Their latest study explored this further by using transcriptome profiling and differential gene expression to determine the network of genes and biological pathways that were affected by disrupting the clock gene.

Differential gene expression enabled Shetty and colleagues to identify thousands of genes that were expressed differently in day-night cycles, and determine that removal of the cycle gene caused disruption in metabolic processes, signaling pathways and immune responses. This showed the vital role that the circadian clock plays in A. aegypti’s life, and targeting it could see massive changes to the mosquito’s behaviour and consequently neutralise its impact as a disease vector.

Cover image credit: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

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