Behind the Paper

Measuring What Truly Matters: A New Scale Blends Psychology and Spirituality to Redefine Effectiveness in Churches

Churches shape lives and communities, yet no reliable tool measures how effectively they do so. My study developed a psychologically informed scale to assess faith-based organisational effectiveness, bridging spiritual purpose with organisational performance.
Go to the profile of Dr. Abraham Nyako Jnr., DBA, MPH
Dr. Abraham Nyako Jnr., DBA, MPH
Organizational Development and Public Health Specialist, Individual consultant/researcher
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Phase one preliminary validation of a psychologically informed scale for faith based organisational effectiveness - Discover Psychology

Background Organisational effectiveness (OE) is critical for faith-based organisations (FBOs), particularly churches, to fulfil their mission while advancing human development. Despite their societal influence, no existing tool adequately measures OE in faith-based contexts while integrating psychological dimensions. This study reports phase one of a two-phase project aimed at validating a 50-item, psychologically informed OE scale for churches in Ghana. Methods A sequential mixed-methods design was employed. A literature review and qualitative interviews with 20 experienced pastors and church leaders informed the generation of items. Expert review was conducted to ensure content and face validity. The resulting instrument was pilot-tested and administered to 844 participants across Protestant/Orthodox and Pentecostal/Charismatic churches. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) established construct validity and internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis was deliberately deferred to phase two in order to follow established methodological guidance which recommends validation on a large independent sample to avoid statistical overfitting and inflated model fit indices. Results EFA supported a four-factor structure namely financial sustainability, operational efficiency, structural governance, and attitudinal engagement with strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.874–0.957). The scale demonstrated potential for assessing OE in churches while capturing psychological and behavioural dimensions relevant to leadership, engagement, and community impact. Results also indicate the role of churches in character formation, leadership development, and membership retention. Cronbach’s α values exceeded 0.90, yet inter-item correlations (r = 0.15–0.50) remained largely optimal, showing strong coherence without redundancy. These findings establish a solid basis for confirmatory factor analysis in future research. Conclusion This study introduces the first empirically derived model of psychologically blended faith-based OE, providing a theoretical foundation for subsequent validation. A second phase will employ confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate model fit, validity, and generalisability across diverse organisational settings. The scale offers practical utility for church leaders seeking to enhance institutional performance and mission alignment.
Where It Began
My motivation for this study grew from extensive years of work in the non-governmental health and development sector. During this time, I saw how strong governance, management, and leadership systems determine organisational success. This inspired me to focus on churches as faith-based organisations that, beyond their spiritual roles, also provide vital social and economic services. I wanted to explore how these institutions could strengthen their structures and effectiveness without approaching them theologically, but as organisations with measurable systems and outcomes. This conviction set me on the path to develop and validate what would become a 50-item, psychologically informed scale for faith-based organisational effectiveness.
Building the Foundation
The first phase of the study began with a literature review and in-depth interviews with experienced pastors and church leaders. Their insights revealed not only administrative challenges but also the emotional and spiritual dynamics that sustain healthy church life- trust, motivation, and shared vision. Using their perspectives, I drafted initial scale items and subjected them to rigorous expert review to ensure both face and content validity. The study that followed included 844 participants drawn from Orthodox/Protestant and Pentecostal/Charismatic churches across Ghana. This was both exciting and humbling gathering data from such a diverse spiritual landscape meant navigating varying leadership structures, theological emphases, and cultural expectations. Yet amid these differences, one truth stood out: effective churches blend structure and spirit, governance and grace.
The Findings
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a robust four-factor structure; financial sustainability, operational efficiency, structural governance, and attitudinal engagement. Together, these factors offered a holistic view of organisational effectiveness that integrates practical systems with psychological well-being and commitment. Internal consistency was strong (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.874–0.957), suggesting that the scale reliably captures these complex dimensions without redundancy. In essence, the results confirmed that faith-based organisational health can indeed be measured with both empirical rigour and spiritual sensitivity.
Lessons Learned
One of the most rewarding aspects of this journey was seeing how pastors and church leaders resonated with the research. Many expressed that the process itself prompted reflection on how their churches operate-not just as places of worship, but as living communities that must balance mission with management. The greatest challenge, however, lay in maintaining methodological purity while respecting theological diversity. Ensuring that the instrument remained both scientifically valid and spiritually authentic required continual dialogue and discernment.
Looking Ahead
This study lays the theoretical foundation for phase two, where confirmatory factor analysis will test model fit and generalisability using a larger, independent sample. My ultimate goal is to provide church leaders and researchers with a practical, evidence-based tool to assess and strengthen faith-based organisations from the inside out.
For me, this research is more than an academic exercise-it’s a bridge between faith and evidence, spirit and structure. It demonstrates that organisational effectiveness in churches is not only measurable but also improvable, when approached with both scientific care and spiritual understanding.
In a world where faith-based institutions continue to shape social and moral development, such tools can help ensure that their impact remains both sustainable and transformative.
Go to the profile of Dr. Abraham Nyako Jnr., DBA, MPH
Dr. Abraham Nyako Jnr., DBA, MPH
Organizational Development and Public Health Specialist, Individual consultant/researcher

I bring over two decades of leadership in public health, organizational development, and nonprofit capacity-building. My career has focused on strengthening organizational effectiveness, advancing sustainable governance models, and increasing impact across the nonprofit sector. I am passionate about helping mission-driven organizations improve governance, enhance operational efficiency, and achieve long-term sustainability.

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Organization and Leadership
Humanities and Social Sciences > Education > Skills > Organization and Leadership
Organizational Theory
Humanities and Social Sciences > Politics and International Studies > Public Policy > Public Management > Organizational Theory
Organizational Psychology
Humanities and Social Sciences > Behavioral Sciences and Psychology > Work and Organizational Psychology > Organizational Psychology
Faith, Spirituality and Business
Humanities and Social Sciences > Business and Management > Management > Business Ethics > Faith, Spirituality and Business

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