Microplastics (plastics less than 5 mm) are the breakdown of larger plastic items. They are now widespread in freshwater environments, including rivers, lakes, streams and livestock, and domestic supply dams and reservoirs. These particles primarily come from sources like household waste, industrial activities, personal care products, atmospheric fallout, recreational activities, and fishing activities. The scientific concern around microplastics in freshwater ecosystems is multifaceted. Aquatic organisms, such as fish and invertebrates (prawns, mussels), can mistakenly ingest these particles, which may lead to physical harm like digestive blockages, reduced feeding efficiency, starvation, and reproductive issues. Furthermore, microplastics can adsorb harmful chemicals (e.g., DDT, heavy metals, and oil compounds) from the surrounding water environment, which may then enter the food chain when consumed by fish and other aquatic organisms. In addition, microplastics contaminated freshwater or irrigation water used can contaminate crops, fruit, and vegetables via the root systems. The presence of microplastics also disrupts the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. While the long-term ecological consequences are still being studied, research suggests that microplastics may alter habitat conditions, affect nutrient cycling, and impact biodiversity. Additionally, they may serve as carriers for harmful pathogens, further compromising ecosystem health.

Understanding the pathways, impacts, and long-term consequences of microplastics in freshwater environments is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and policies to address this growing environmental challenge. The proposed Collection will publish articles on different aspects of microplastic contamination and their risk assessment in freshwater ecosystems, highlight the urgent need for better waste management strategies, and encourage more research about the toxicological impacts of microplastics on freshwater ecosystems.

The major aspects of this collection will cover:

• Toxicological effects of microplastics on freshwater fish

• Toxicological effects of microplastics on crops or vegetables via contaminated freshwater

• Toxicological effects of microplastics in freshwater drinking sources

• Contamination of water and food with freshwater microplastics and risks to humans

• Harmful chemicals adsorbed by microplastics from the surrounding water environment and their possible toxic effects on freshwater ecosystems

Keywords: Microplastics; Aquatic pollution; River pollution; Lake contamination; Microplastic degradation; Microplastic ingestion; Microplastic toxicity; Environmental monitoring

Pesticides have played a crucial role in modern agriculture, safeguarding crops and ensuring global food security. However, their widespread and often indiscriminate use has raised serious concerns about their long-term impact on human health and the environment. From acute poisoning cases to chronic diseases and biodiversity loss, toxic pesticides pose a complex and pressing challenge that requires urgent scientific and policy-driven solutions.

This Collection of Discover Toxicology explores the dual challenge of monitoring toxic pesticides and the mitigation of their harmful effects on the environment and human health, while promoting sustainable alternatives. We invite cutting-edge research and reviews on innovative diagnostic techniques for detecting pesticide exposure, the development of novel biopesticides, precision agriculture strategies, and policy interventions that can reduce reliance on hazardous chemicals. Key topics include:

• Advances in biomonitoring and early detection methods for pesticide-related toxicity

• Environmentally friendly pest management alternatives to toxic pesticides, such as biopesticides and integrated pest management (IPM)

• The role of nanotechnology and AI-driven approaches in the reduction of pesticides and pesticide toxicity

• Mechanistic insights into pesticide toxicity and their effects on human and ecosystem health

• Policy frameworks and regulatory strategies for toxic pesticides and transition to sustainable agricultural practices

By fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and highlighting pioneering research, this Collection aims to contribute to a future where food production is both safe and sustainable. We encourage contributions from science and industry experts working towards reducing the global burden of toxic pesticides.

Keywords: Agrochemicals; Biomonitoring; Ecotoxicology; Environmental Contamination; Human Health Impacts; Sustainable Pest Management; Toxicology