What our research reveals about student mental well-being after COVID-19
Published in Social Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, and Behavioural Sciences & Psychology
Mental Well-Being in Dental Education: Implications for Institutional Practice and Policy in Pakistan
The mental well-being of undergraduate dental students is an important consideration in health professions education. Dental training combines demanding academic workloads, clinical responsibilities, competency-based assessments, and preparation for professional practice. The COVID-19 pandemic added further challenges, highlighting the importance of understanding factors associated with students’ psychological well-being.
Our study, “Associations of Gender and Previous COVID-19 Infection With Mental Well-Being Among Pakistani Undergraduate Dental Students: A Retrospective Secondary Analysis of a Multicentre Cross-Sectional Survey,” examined these associations among 210 university students in Pakistan. Mental well-being was assessed using the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), and multiple linear regression was used to examine associations with gender and previous COVID-19 infection, adjusting for age and academic year.
The mean WEMWBS score was 44.05 ± 10.2. Female gender was associated with lower mental well-being scores (B = −3.85, 95% CI: −5.90 to −1.80; p = 0.002). Previous COVID-19 infection was also associated with lower scores (B = −3.74, 95% CI: −6.20 to −1.30; p = 0.011). Age and academic year were not statistically significant predictors in the adjusted model. The model explained 18.1% of the variance in mental well-being (adjusted R² = 0.165), indicating that other unmeasured factors are also likely to contribute.
Implications for medical and dental education
These findings reinforce the need to consider student well-being as part of educational quality rather than as an issue separate from academic development. Although the cross-sectional design does not establish causality, the observed associations provide a rationale for further investigation and more responsive student support systems.
First, dental institutions should consider integrating mental well-being into routine student support and quality assurance processes. Accessible counselling, confidential referral pathways, peer-support initiatives, and faculty training in recognising signs of distress may help students seek assistance when needed. These services should be supportive rather than punitive and should protect students from stigma or adverse academic consequences when they disclose concerns.
Second, the association with gender warrants careful attention. Institutions should explore whether differences in well-being reflect variations in academic experiences, social expectations, access to support, or other contextual factors. The findings should not be interpreted as evidence that gender itself causes lower well-being. Instead, they support the need for gender-responsive assessment and equitable access to student services.
Third, the association with previous COVID-19 infection suggests that health-related experiences deserve consideration within student welfare frameworks. Universities may benefit from clear procedures for academic support, appropriate referrals, and reasonable adjustments when students experience health-related difficulties. However, previous infection alone should not be used to classify individual students as psychologically vulnerable.
Implications for policy-making
At the institutional level, universities and dental colleges should develop written student mental health and well-being policies that specify available services, referral procedures, confidentiality safeguards, and responsibilities of academic and administrative staff. Well-being initiatives should be evaluated systematically rather than implemented as isolated activities.
At the regulatory and policy level, medical and dental education authorities could consider including student well-being within institutional accreditation, quality assurance, and student support standards. Policy development should be informed by local evidence, student consultation, and evaluation of the accessibility and effectiveness of available services. Adequate staffing, sustainable funding, and protection against discrimination are important for translating policy commitments into practice.
The findings also highlight the value of institutional surveillance using appropriate, validated measures. Repeated assessments, with suitable privacy safeguards, could help institutions identify patterns over time and evaluate whether support initiatives are reaching students who need them. Such monitoring should not be used to stigmatise individuals or make unsupported assumptions about particular groups.
Limitations and future directions
The findings should be interpreted in light of the cross-sectional design and the use of secondary survey data. The observed associations do not establish temporal sequence or causality, and the model’s explanatory power indicates that additional determinants of mental well-being remain to be explored. Longitudinal and multicentre studies involving diverse student populations are needed to investigate how academic demands, financial pressures, social support, clinical training experiences, and health-related factors interact over time. Intervention studies are also needed to determine which institutional strategies improve student well-being.
Moving from evidence to action
Student well-being is relevant to educational environments, professional development, and the sustainability of the healthcare workforce. Our findings provide evidence that female gender and previous COVID-19 infection were associated with lower mental well-being among the students studied. They do not establish causal relationships, but they identify questions that deserve attention in educational research and institutional planning.
For dental educators, university leaders, and policymakers, the priority is to translate such evidence into equitable, confidential, and evaluable support systems. Embedding student well-being within educational policy and institutional practice is a practical step toward creating learning environments in which students can develop both professional competence and personal resilience.
Article: https://link.springer.com/
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BMC Medical Education
This is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in relation to the education and training of healthcare professionals. It welcomes studies on students and professionals across all levels of education; education delivery aspects; and other education-related topics.
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