Understanding Australia’s Infectious Disease Trends Amid COVID-19: A Decade of Insights
Infectious diseases are constantly evolving, and understanding their trends is crucial to keeping communities healthy. Our study examines how notifiable diseases in Australia changed over the last decade, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, which analysed data from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System from 2012 to 2022, sheds light on patterns of various diseases and the impact of the pandemic's public health measures.
Our study found that prior to COVID-19, notifications for many infectious diseases were on the rise, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. In contrast, diseases transmitted through blood or by vectors, such as viral hepatitis and vector-borne illnesses, showed a slight decline. We found an annual average increase of about 11% for all disease notifications from 2012 to 2019, with respiratory diseases leading this surge. These findings indicate shifts in healthcare engagement and public health policies, diagnostic technology, and possibly changing lifestyles.
With the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, Australia implemented some of the world's most stringent public health measures, including lockdowns, international travel restrictions, and social distancing mandates. The effects on other diseases were profound. Respiratory infections, such as the flu, dropped significantly due to reduced social interactions, masking, and sanitation protocols. However, by 2022, as restrictions eased, these infections rebounded significantly.
Interestingly, while COVID-19 measures decreased respiratory infections and imported diseases, we noted that some infections continued to rise, such as certain gastrointestinal diseases and STIs. This suggests that while some infections are closely tied to social behaviour and public movement, others are less influenced by these factors or might be indirectly affected by changes in healthcare access and behaviours during lockdowns.
Using pre-pandemic trends, we also estimated that over 200,000 cases of various infections were likely averted during the pandemic. We estimated that 65,000 fewer gastrointestinal infections and 121,000 fewer sexually transmitted infections were notified. These “averted cases” provide valuable insights, showing the influence of public health measures on infectious disease dynamics. While the declines in respiratory and imported infections were expected due to restricted travel and physical interactions, the reduction in other diseases highlights how closely healthcare access and behaviours are intertwined with transmission.
Why These Findings Matter
The study’s insights are significant for several reasons:
-
Public Health Preparedness: Knowing how diseases respond to interventions helps us prepare for future pandemics. Public health policies can be adapted to mitigate the risks of other infections when similar measures are necessary.
-
Healthcare Planning: These trends inform healthcare resource allocation and support the development of targeted vaccination, diagnostic, and treatment programs.
This study provides a foundation for ongoing research. Future surveillance is essential to monitor whether these trends persist or shift again as communities adjust to a post-pandemic world. By understanding these trends, public health officials, researchers, and policymakers can make informed decisions that protect communities and create resilient health systems.
Follow the Topic
-
BMC Global and Public Health
An open access, transparent peer review journal publishing outstanding and influential research and opinion of broad interest to all professional communities involved in global and public health research, policy-making, implementation and delivery worldwide.
Related Collections
With collections, you can get published faster and increase your visibility.
Beyond disciplinary silos: Intersectoral collaboration for One Health implementation
BMC Global and Public Health is calling for submissions to our Collection on One Health, recognizing the intricate interconnection between human, animal, plant, and environmental health in addressing complex global health challenges. The One Health approach, championed by quadripartite organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE), and the World Health Organization (WHO), seeks to unite various sectors and disciplines to tackle issues ranging from biodiversity preservation to food security and infectious disease control.
Effectively tackling complex global health problems increasingly necessitates the recognition that the health of humans, wild and domestic animals, plants, and the broader environment are inextricably interconnected. One Health as an approach to support health across humans, animals, and the wider environment brings together sectors and disciplines at local, national, and international levels to preserve biodiversity, prevent and respond to emerging infectious diseases, mitigate climate change impacts, and support food security, among others.
In 2022, the quadripartite organizations—FAO, UNEP, WOAH (formerly OIE), and WHO—launched the One Health Joint Plan of Action to advocate and support One Health initiatives at the global, regional, and national levels. The corresponding implementation guide was launched in 2023. While One Health approaches continue to be adopted, significant barriers to effective implementation remain, including challenges in coordination and collaboration across sectors, difficulties in data-sharing and the lack of regulatory frameworks, and unequal and inequitable access to resources.
BMC Global and Public Health is s pleased to announce a call for papers to capture novel perspectives in One Health implementation to address global health threats. The upcoming collection entitled ‘Beyond disciplinary silos: Intersectoral collaboration for One Health implementation’ will be guest edited by Dr Mauricio Coppo and Dr Angeline Ferdinand from the University of Melbourne, Australia. We envision this work to inform future research, frameworks, intervention development, and policy.
This special collection invites the submission of Research, Comment, Review, and Opinion articles that highlight One Health approaches incorporating collaborative efforts between human, animal and/or environmental sectors. This special collection seeks to advance our understanding of how best to foster policy and operational environments that support successful advances in addressing health challenges at the intersection between humans, animals, and the environment. While taking an explicitly intersectoral approach, articles may tackle a broad range of issues and challenges. This may include:
Initiatives to facilitate sharing surveillance data across sectors
Intersectoral cooperation in the areas of food security, environmental conservation, or infectious disease surveillance
One Health strategies for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response
One Health initiatives to address and reduce antimicrobial resistance
One Health for food safety, food security, and sustainable food production
Evaluation of One Health initiatives or programs and relevant facilitators or challenges
Impacts of climate change on patterns of infectious disease
Development of governance mechanisms to facilitate One Health pathogen genomics for surveillance
Interventions underpinned by the One Health Joint Plan of Action to address health threats to humans, animals, plants, and the environment
Strategies to foster improved intersectoral governance and shared decision-making
Development of One Health policy to improve human, animal, and environmental health
Please note that all articles must include a human health aspect, and Research articles must include human health data in their analysis. We encourage work from local, regional, and global partnerships, collaboration among stakeholders from multidisciplinary fields, and the use of multiple methodologies. We ask that authors be attentive to the use of non-stigmatizing/preferred language in their manuscripts as outlined in relevant language guidelines for their respective field.
We encourage work from local, regional, national, and global partnerships and collaboration among multidisciplinary scientists using multiple methodologies. We ask that authors be careful to use non-stigmatizing/preferred language in their manuscripts as outlined in relevant language guidelines for their respective fields.
Contributions to this Collection will provide valuable insights to guide policy-making and practical solutions in public health. We invite researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to share evidence that advances our understanding of how to better predict and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on populations, especially those disproportionately affected by health inequities.
All manuscripts submitted to this journal, including those submitted to collections and special issues, are assessed in line with our editorial policies and the journal’s peer-review process. Reviewers and editors are required to declare competing interests and can be excluded from the peer review process if a competing interest exists.
Publishing Model: Open Access
Deadline: Jun 23, 2025
Evolving implementation science concepts and methods in low- and middle-income countries
BMC Global and Public Health is calling for submissions to our Collection on implementation science in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Implementation science, crucial for achieving health-related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, focuses on bridging the gap between evidence-based practices and their real-world application by practitioners and policymakers. This interdisciplinary approach aims to maximize the impact of evidence-informed interventions, acknowledging the contextual differences between high-income countries (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries. While theories and frameworks from HIC may not directly apply to LMIC contexts, there is a need to amplify insights from LMIC implementation science studies to ensure progress towards global health goals.
Health interventions would never reach their expected impact unless wisely implemented. Implementation science refers to the study of methods that facilitate the uptake of evidence-based practice into regular use by practitioners and policymakers and is increasingly recognized as important for achieving health-related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It seeks to close the gap between what is known and what to do, thus improving health services and outcomes through an interdisciplinary approach. Successful implementation strategies could maximize the beneficial impact of evidence-informed interventions (including programs, policies, and practices) at scale in real-world contexts. Given the extent to which context shapes implementation, implementation science may be highly contextualized, and concepts, principles, and methods from one setting may not be readily transportable to another. This should be considered when comparing implementation science studies from high-income countries (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This is why certain implementation science theories, models, and frameworks developed in HIC are only readily applicable in LMIC with further adaptations. However, inherent publication biases that advantage academic cultures, philosophies, and systems from HIC have limited the visibility of implementation science studies from LMIC and insights into how the field has differentially evolved in LMIC, where more progress for achieving the UN SDGs is still needed.
The limited insights from LMIC may have further impacted our understanding of how implementation science can be applied to achieve health equity – since addressing health inequities is a major priority in resource-limited settings, where most of the LMIC population resides.
To capture global efforts and novel approaches in this multidisciplinary area, BMC Global and Public Health is pleased to announce a call for papers for our upcoming Collection entitled ‘Evolving implementation science concepts and methods in low- and middle-income countries’, guest edited by Dr Olakunle Alonge, from the Sparkman Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA and Dr Meredith B. Brooks, PhD, MPH, from the Boston University School of Public Health, USA.
We are now inviting the submission of manuscripts of outstanding interest covering the breadth of multidisciplinary studies, including quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and multi-methods studies that apply concepts and methods from implementation science to improve health services and outcomes, especially health equity, in LMICs. We envision this work advancing the growth of the field of implementation science globally.
We encourage submissions that address the following themes:
New concepts, theories, or frameworks for implementation science in LMIC contexts
New methodology that advances implementation evaluation and mechanisms investigation
Implementation trials and hybrid implementation-effectiveness trials for public health intervention
Pilot/feasibility studies of full-scale implementation projects
Studies of adaptation and implementation of evidence-based public health interventions in LMIC
Explorations of sociocultural factors for successful implementation of public health projects
This Collection supports and amplifies research related to SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being and SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities.
We encourage work from local, regional, and global partnerships and collaboration among scientists from multidisciplinary fields using multiple methodologies. Please note that we are not able to consider studies that are too clinically focused. We further ask that authors be attentive to the use of non-stigmatizing/preferred language in their manuscripts as outlined in relevant language guidelines for their respective fields.
All manuscripts submitted to this journal, including those submitted to collections and special issues, are assessed in line with our editorial policies and the journal’s peer-review process. Reviewers and editors are required to declare competing interests and can be excluded from the peer review process if a competing interest exists.
Publishing Model: Open Access
Deadline: Jun 19, 2025
Please sign in or register for FREE
If you are a registered user on Research Communities by Springer Nature, please sign in