A simpler way to estimate in-situ stresses underground

Measuring the natural stress field underground is one of the most difficult and expensive tasks in geotechnical engineering. Yet every tunnel, shaft or deep excavation depends on knowing it.

Traditionally, the reference method has been hydraulic fracturing. It is direct and reliable, but also slow, costly, and operationally complex.

Our recent work explores a simpler question:

What if the borehole itself already contains the answer?

Full article:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-024-00036-4

Reading stress from deformation

When stresses concentrate around a drilled hole, the circular section rarely stays circular. The borehole subtly flattens, developing breakouts and an oval shape aligned with the stress field.

This deformation is not random.

Decades of rock mechanics show that:

• elongation develops perpendicular to the minimum horizontal stress
• breakout width reflects stress concentration
• geometry encodes both orientation and magnitude

Instead of forcing the rock to fracture, we can simply measure this geometry.

Using six-arm calipers and televiewer logs, we reconstructed the borehole cross-sections and calculated:

• stress orientation
• σH/σh ratios
• horizontal stress magnitudes

All from shape alone.

Does it really work?

The key test was comparison with hydrofracturing profiles.

Across several argillaceous formations in Spain, the results showed:

• very close agreement in stress orientation
• consistent estimates of stress ratios
• reasonable magnitudes when cohesion is well constrained

In some cases, predicted directions differed by only a few degrees from hydrofrac measurements.

This is important.

Because hydraulic fracturing remains the gold standard, but it is also:

• expensive
• time-consuming
• dependent on fracture-free intervals
• difficult at depth

Ovalization analysis, by contrast, uses logging data already collected in most boreholes.

Where it performs best

The method is not universal.

Our results indicate it works best when:

• boreholes are deep enough for clear breakout development
• rock mass cohesion is known from laboratory tests
• multiple sections are analysed, not single intervals
• high-quality caliper or televiewer tools are used

Under those conditions, the borehole effectively becomes a passive stress sensor.

No injection. No packers. No induced fractures.

Just geometry.

Why this matters for engineering

For tunnels, mines and underground works, stress estimation is often limited by budget and logistics.

A method that is:

• faster
• cheaper
• minimally invasive
• and still reliable

can change practice.

Ovalization analysis will not replace hydrofracturing everywhere. But it can significantly reduce the number of tests required and provide continuous stress information along the borehole.

In many projects, that trade-off is decisive.

A broader perspective

There is also a conceptual lesson.

Sometimes the most useful measurements are already embedded in the system.

Instead of adding complexity, we can learn to interpret what the ground is already telling us.

In this case, a small deviation from circularity becomes a map of the underground stress field.

And a borehole becomes an instrument.